Developmental
trajectories of brain volume abnormalities in children and
adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
JAMA,
288, 1740-8. Castellanos FX, et al. (2002).
Various anatomic brain abnormalities have been reported for
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), with varying
methods, small samples, cross-sectional designs, and without
accounting for stimulant drug exposure. The objective of this study
was to compare regional brain volumes at initial scan and their
change over time in medicated and previously unmedicated male and
female patients with ADHD and healthy controls. The researchers
concluded that Developmental trajectories for all structures, except
caudate, remain roughly parallel for patients and controls during
childhood and adolescence, suggesting that genetic and/or early
environmental influences on brain development in ADHD are fixed,
nonprogressive, and unrelated to stimulant treatment.
Deficits of motion transparency perception in adult developmental
dyslexics with normal unidirectional motion sensitivity.
Vision Res, 42, 1195-203. Hill GT, Raymond JE. (2002).
Even though a unidirectional motion task failed to reveal processing
abnormalities in adult dyslexics, the motion transparency task was
effective at revealing significant perceptual dysfunction,
suggesting that performance on this task is a better psychophysical
indicator of visual motion deficits in dyslexia.
The role of the cerebellum in cognition and behavior: a selective
review.
J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 12, 193-8. Rapoport, M.,
van Reekum, R., &Mayberg, H. (2000).
A study on the role of the cerebellum in cognition and behavior,
highlighted cognitive deficitis and personality changes associated
with cerebellar disease.
Rational dosages of nutrients have a prolonged effect on learning
disabilities.
Altern
Ther Health Med, 6, 85-91. Carlton, R. M., Ente, G.,
Blum, L., Heyman, N., Davis, W., &Ambrosino, S. (2000).
A study on the effects of certain nutrients on children with
learning disabilities showed significant academic and behavioral
improvements within a few weeks of treatment with nutrient
supplements.
Cerebellar deficiency model of dyslexia upheld.
Clinical
Psychiatry News, January 2000. Coffin J. M., Ph.D., King's
College, PA (2000).
A study showed that dyslexic adults failed to learn an associative
type of eye blink conditioning learning that is controlled by the
cerebellum.
Physiological and behavioral effects of an antivertigo
antihistamine in adults.
Percept
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S. B., &Schoeffler, L. (1999).
A
study found physiological support for the use of an antimotion
sickness antihistamine to improve cognitive-related performance with
obvious implications in treating learning-disordered children.
Association of abnormal cerebellar activation with motor learning
difficulties in dyslexic adults.
Lancet,
353, 1662-7. Nicolson, R. I., Fawcett, A. J., Berry, E. L.,
Jenkins, I. H., Dean, P., &Brooks, D. J. (1999).
A
study found lower brain activation in dyslexic adults undertaking
tasks known normally to involve cerebellar activation.
Does the cerebellum contribute to cognitive aspects of speech
production? A functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study in
humans.
Neurosci
Lett, 247, 187-90. Ackermann, H., Wildgruber, D., Daum,
I., &Grodd, W. (1998).
Positron emission tomography studies suggest a contribution of the
lateral aspects of the right cerebellar hemisphere to higher level
(cognitive) aspects of speech production.
Dysfunctional cortico-cerebellar circuits cause 'cognitive
dysmetria' in schizophrenia.
Neuroreport,
9, 1895-9. Wiser, A. K., Andreasen, N. C., O'Leary, D. S.,
Watkins, G. L., Boles Ponto, L. L., &Hichwa, R. D. (1998).
Studies made point of a dysfunctional corticocerebellar circuit
leading to poorly coordinated mental activity ("cognitive
dysmetria"), which could explain the broad range of
schizophrenic symptoms.
Metabolic abnormalities in developmental dyslexia detected by 1H
magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Lancet,
351, 1849-52. Rae, C., Lee, M. A., Dixon, R. M., Blamire, A.
M., Thompson, C. H., Styles, P., Talcott, J., Richardson, A. J.,
&Stein, J. F. (1998).
Using proton meagnetic resonance spectroscopy, this study led to the
conclusion that the cerebellum is involved in dyslexia.
The cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome.
Brain,
121, 561-79. Schmahmann, J. D., &Sherman, J. C. (1998).
In a neuroimaging study of patients with Cerebellar diseases,
researchers found impariments of verbal fluency, abstract reasoning
and working memory; spatial cognition; inappropriate personality and
behavior; and language deficits such as agrammatism and dysprosodia.
Cerebellum in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a
morphometric MRI study.
Neurology,
50, 1087-93. Berquin, P. C., Giedd, J. N., Jacobsen, L. K.,
Hamburger, S. D., Krain, A. L., Rapoport, J. L., &Castellanos,
F. X. (1998).
Clinical, neuroanatomic, and functional brain-imaging studies
suggest a role for the cerebellum in cognitive functions including
attention. It was found that a cerebello-thalamo-prefrontal circuit
dysfunction may contribute to deficits encountered in ADHD.
Attentional activation of the cerebellum independent of motor
involvement.
Science,
275, 1940-3. Allen, G., Buxton, R. B., Wong, E. C., &Courchesne,
E. (1997).
Magnetic resonance imaging was used to demonstrate that the
cerebellum is involved in diverse cognitive and noncognitive
neurobehavioral systems, with attention and motor systems each
activating distinct cerebellar regions.
Cerebellar size and cognition: correlations with IQ, verbal
memory and motor dexterity.
Neuropsychiatry
Neuropsychol Behav Neurol, 10, 1-8. Paradiso, S.,
Andreasen, N. C., O'Leary, D. S., Arndt, S., &Robinson, R. G.
(1997).
Results indicate that the cerebellum contributes to cognition and
cerebellar volume significantly correlated with the ability to
retain already encoded information- verbal and fine motor skills.
Cerebellum implicated in sensory acquisition and discrimination
rather than motor control.
Science,
272, 545-7. Gao, J. H., Parsons, L. M., Bower, J. M., Xiong,
J., Li, J., &Fox, P. T. (1996).
Magnetic resonance imaging suggests that the cerebellum may be
active during motor, perceptual, and cognitive performance.
Role of the cerebellum in visual guidance of movement.
Physiol
Rev, 72, 967-1017. Stein, J. F., &Glickstein, M.
(1992).
This review shows that the cerebellum plays a crucial part in the
visual guidance of ocular and other movements- both reflex and
voluntary.
Abnormal visual-vestibular interaction and smooth pursuit
tracking in psychosis: implications for cerebellar involvement.
J
Psychiatry Neurosci, 16, 30-40. Cooper, P. M., &Pivik,
R. T. (1991).
Findings suggest that cerebellar dysfunction may contribute to
irregularities in smooth pursuit tracking and fixation suppression
found in psychotic patients.
The human cerebro-cerebellar system: its computing, cognitive,
and language skills.
Behav
Brain Res, 44, 113-28. Leiner, H. C., Leiner, A. L.,
&Dow, R. S. (1991).
Results of a study suggested that the cerebellum contributes to the
learning of cognitive and language skills, as well as its
acknowledged traditional role in motor functions.
Rapid
meclizine induced reversal of cerebellar-vestibular dysfunctioning
in learning disabled adults.
Presented
at the 144th Annual Meeting of the APA, New Orleans, May 1991.
Dramatic favorable responses of children with learning
disabilities or dyslexia and attention deficit disorder to
antimotion sickness medications: four case reports.
Percept
Mot Skills, 73, 723-38. Levinson, H. N. (1991).
The
diagnostic value of cerebellar-vestibular tests in detecting
learning disabilities, dyslexia, and attention deficit disorder.
Percept
Mot Skills, 71, 67-82. Levinson, H. N. (1990).
The
cerebellar-vestibular predisposition to anxiety disorders.
Percept
Mot Skills, 68, 323-38. Levinson, H. N. (1989).
A
cerebellar-vestibular explanation for fears/phobias: hypothesis and
study.
Percept
Mot Skills, 68, 67-84. Levinson, H. N. (1989).
Abnormal
optokinetic and perceptual span parameters in cerebellar-vestibular
dysfunction and related anxiety disorders.
Percept
Mot Skills, 68, 471-84. Levinson, H. N. (1989).
Abnormal
optokinetic and perceptual span parameters in cerebellar-vestibular
dysfunction and learning disabilities or dyslexia.
Percept
Mot Skills, 68, 35-54. Levinson, H. N. (1989).
(published erratum appears in Percept Mot Skills 1989 Feb;68(1):2)
The
cerebellar-vestibular basis of learning disabilities in children,
adolescents and adults: hypothesis and study.
Percept
Mot Skills, 67, 983-1006. Levinson, H. N. (1988).
(published erratum appears in Percept Mot Skills 1989
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Therapy Publications, 12, No. 2, 133-152. Levinson, H. N.
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Therapy Publications, 12, No. 1, 5-27. Levinson, H. N.
(1976).
Dysmetric dyslexia and dyspraxia: synopsis of a continuing
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Therapy Publications, 11, No. 2, 133-143. Levinson, H. N.
(1975-76).
Dysmetric dyslexia and dyspraxia: hypothesis and study.
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Auditory
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